|
A fishing net or fishnet is a net used for fishing. Nets are devices made from fibers woven in a grid-like structure. Fishing nets are usually meshes formed by knotting a relatively thin thread. Early nets were woven from grasses, flaxes and other fibrous plant material. Later cotton was used. Modern nets are usually made of artificial polyamides like nylon, although nets of organic polyamides such as wool or silk thread were common until recently and are still used. ==History== Fishing nets have been used widely in the past, including by stone age societies. The oldest known fishing net is the net of Antrea, found with other fishing equipment in the Karelian town of Antrea. The net was made from willow, and dates back to 8300 BC.〔(The palaeoenvironment of the Antrea Net Find ) The Department of Geography, University of Helsinki〕 The remnants of another fishing net dates back to the late Mesolithic, and were found together with sinkers at the bottom of a former sea.〔Kriiska, Aivar (1996) ("Stone age settlements in the lower reaches of the Narva River, north-eastern Estonia" ) ''Coastal Estonia: Recent Advances in Environmental and Cultural History''. PACT 51. Rixensart. Pages 359–369.〕〔Indreko R (1932) ("Kiviaja võrgujäänuste leid Narvas" ) (Stone Age find of fishing net remnants), in ''Eesti Rahva Muuseumi Aastaraamat'' VII, Tartu, pp. 48–67 (in Estonian).〕 Some of the oldest rock carvings at Alta (4200–500 BC) have mysterious images, including intricate patterns of horizontal and vertical lines sometimes explained as fishing nets. American Native Indians on the Columbia River wove seine nets from spruce root fibers or wild grass, again using stones as weights. For floats they used sticks made of cedar which moved in a way which frightened the fish and helped keep them together.〔Smith, Courtland L (Seine fishing ) ''Oregon Encyclopedia''. Retrieved 23 March 2012.〕 With the help of large canoes, pre-European Maori deployed seine nets which could be over one thousand metres long. The nets were woven from green flax, with stone weights and light wood or gourd floats, and could require hundreds of men to haul.〔Meredith, Paul ("Te hī ika – Māori fishing" ) ''Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand''. Updated 2 March 2009.〕 Fishing nets are well documented in antiquity. They appear in Egyptian tomb paintings from 3000 BC. In ancient Greek literature, Ovid makes many references to fishing nets, including the use of cork floats and lead weights.〔Radcliffe W (1926) (''Fishing from the Earliest Times'' ) John Murray, London.〕〔Johnson WM and Lavigne DM (1999) (''Monk Seals in Antiquity'' ) Fisheries, pp. 48–54. Netherlands Commission for International Nature Protection.〕〔Gilroy, Clinton G (1845) ("The history of silk, cotton, linen, wool, and other fibrous substances: including observations on spinning, dyeing and weaving" ) pp. 455–464. Harper & Brothers, Harvard University.〕 Pictorial evidence of Roman fishing comes from mosaics which show nets.〔(Image of fishing illustrated in a Roman mosaic ).〕 In a parody of fishing, a type of gladiator called retiarius was armed with a trident and a cast net. He would fight against a secutor or the murmillo, who carried a short sword and a helmet with the image of a fish on the front.〔Auguet, Roland () (1994). ''Cruelty and Civilization: The Roman Games''. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10452-1. 〕 Between 177 and 180 the Greek author Oppian wrote the ''Halieutica'', a didactic poem about fishing. He described various means of fishing including the use of nets cast from boats, scoop nets held open by a hoop, and various traps "which work while their masters sleep". Here is Oppian's description of fishing with a "motionless" net:
In Norse mythology the sea giantess Rán uses a fishing net to trap lost sailors. References to fishing nets can also be found in the New Testament.〔Luke 5:4-6; John 21:3-7a〕 Jesus Christ was reputedly a master in the use of fishing nets. The tough, fibrous inner bark of the pawpaw was used by Native Americans and settlers in the Midwest for making ropes and fishing nets. The archaeological site at León Viejo (1524–1610) has fishing net artifacts including fragments of pottery used as weights for fishing nets. Fishing nets have not evolved greatly, and many contemporary fishing nets would be recognized for what they are in Neolithic times. However, the fishing lines from which the nets are constructed have hugely evolved. Fossilised fragments of "probably two-ply laid rope of about 7 mm diameter" have been found in one of the caves at Lascaux, dated about 15,000 BC.〔J.C. Turner and P. van de Griend (ed.), ''The History and Science of Knots'' (Singapore: World Scientific, 1996), 14.〕 Egyptian rope dates back to 4000 to 3500 BC and was generally made of water reed fibers. Other rope in antiquity was made from the fibers of date palms, flax, grass, papyrus, leather, or animal hair. Rope made of hemp fibres was in use in China from about 2800 BC. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fishing net」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|